CS 112
Spring 2024

Lab 4: Inheritance and polymorphism; ArrayBag case study

Creating the necessary folder

Make sure to create a subfolder called lab4 within your cs112 folder, and put all of the files for this lab in that folder.

Task 0 (Review)

== or .equals. To be or not to be. Understanding the nuances of the equality operation on String (and all reference) objects.

Begin by downloading this file: Card.java

Make sure to put the file in your lab4 folder. If your browser doesn’t allow you to specify where a file should be saved, try right-clicking on its link above and choosing Save as... or Save link as..., which should produce a dialog box that allows you to choose the correct folder for the file.

In VS Code, open your lab4 folder using File->Open Folder, and then click on the name of the file in the Explorer Pane to open an editor window for it.

Notice that in the current implementation of the method rankNumFor, the method uses the == operator to test for equality of two Java string objects.

Consider the two different test suits provided in the main method. What are the expected results when the program executes? Why? Run the program and confirm that the program executes as you expected.

What change needs to be made so that this method works correctly.

Follow the instructions of your TA.

Task 1: Understanding inheritance

As we discussed in lecture, a class can extend another class. Let’s consider another example of this together.

Begin by downloading these files, making sure to save them all in your lab4 folder:

In VS Code, open your lab4 folder using File->Open Folder, and then click on the name of each file in the Explorer Pane to open an editor window for it.

Review each file and take note of how they are related.

Note: The Cat class will not compile until we first make some changes to it, so don’t try to compile and run anything yet!

  1. Which class is the superclass? Which is the subclass? What does it mean that the Cat class extends the Animal class?

  2. The Cat class cannot directly access the fields it inherits from Animal. Why not?

  3. The subclass constructor typically calls the superclass constructor to initialize the inherited fields. Write a constructor for the Cat class above. It should take as parameters the cat’s name and a boolean indicating whether it is short-haired, and it should call the superclass constructor to initialize the inherited fields.

    Update the test program to create an instance of class Cat.

    Cat c = new Cat("Kitty", false);

  4. To manipulate the inherited fields, the subclass can use the inherited accessor and mutator methods. Write a toString method for the Cat class above. It should return a string consisting of the cat’s name followed by either " (short-haired)" or " (long-haired)".

    Update the test program to test your method:

    System.out.println(c);

  5. The subclass can override an inherited method, replacing it with a version that is more appropriate. Write an isSleeping method for the Cat class. It should reflect the fact that cats seem to sleep all of the time!

    Update the test program to test your method.

  6. Let’s say that we now want to define a class called Abyssinian for cats that belong to that particular breed of short-haired cat. Which class should it extend?

  7. Go ahead and create a class named Abyssinian, defining it so that it extends the correct class. Use File->New File to create the necessary file for it, and save it using the correct name.

    Abyssinian should not have any new fields of its own. However, it should include:

    • a constructor that takes only a name, and that calls the superclass constructor to initialize the inherited fields. When making that call, make sure that it reflects the fact that Abyssinians are short-haired.

    • an isExtroverted() method that overrides the inherited version and replaces it with one that reflects the fact that Abyssinian cats are known to be extroverted.

    Once your class is created, go ahead and test out the methods in your main program.

  8. Another possible class for this hierarchy of animals is the Dog class, which you should examine now, although you don’t need to open it in your IDE. In addition to its inherited fields and methods, it has a boolean field isSmall, and methods isSmall() and bark().

  9. Let’s say that we have created an Abyssinian object and assigned it to the variable a:

    Abyssinian a = new Abyssinian("Abby");

    For each of the following method calls:

    • Indicate whether it will compile. Because the variable a is declared to be of type Abyssinian, a method call using a will compile if there is a corresponding method inside Abyssinian objects – either defined in the Abyssinian class itself or inherited from a superclass. A method call will not compile if there is no corresponding method in objects of that class.

    • If the method call will compile, specify which version of the method will be called. In other words, in which class can we find the version of the method that will be called?

    Here are the calls to test:

    1.     a.getNumLegs()

    2.     a.isExtroverted()

    3.     a.isSleeping(12, 30)

    4.     a.isSmall()

    5.     a.toString()

    6.     a.equals(a)

  10. You will notice a static method defined in the Animal class named printAnimalName. How can you call this method in your main program to print out the names of all the animal objects you have created? Note that it is a static method. How does this differ from the other methods of the class?

    Update the test program to test this method.

Task 2: Understanding polymorphism

Your work for this task should go on the piece of paper that we give you. Please show your paper to a staff member before you leave the lab.

Thanks to a feature of Java called polymorphism, we can do something like this:

ClassA myObject = new ClassB(...);

Where ClassB extends ClassA, or equivalently, ClassB is a subclass of ClassA. Specifying a more general type for myObject than the actual type of the object can be useful when writing a method that needs to take more than one type of object as a parameter, or when creating an array of objects of different but related types.

For example, if we wanted to have an array containing different types of animal objects, we could define the array as follows:

Animal[] zoo = new Animal[10];

Then, any element of the array could be of type Animal or any subclass of Animal. In other words, this would be allowed:

zoo[0] = new Dog(...);
zoo[1] = new Cat(...);
zoo[2] = new Abyssinian(...);

Consider the following class headers:

public class A extends B {
    ...
}

public class B extends C {
    ...
}

public class C {
    ...
}

public class D extends C {
    ...
}

  1. Draw an inheritance hierarchy for these classes.

  2. Which of these assignments would be allowed, taking into account the rules of polymorphism?

    1.       B myObj = new A();
    2.       B myObj = new C();
    3.       C myObj = new A();
    4.       A myObj = new B();
    5.       D myObj = new B();

Task 3: Memory diagrams and the ArrayBag class

Let’s take a look at a class that is used to represent a bag. Class ArrayBag represents a simple collection of items in which the order of the items doesn’t matter. A good analogy is a bag of candy! We include a tutorial to help you understand the internals of this class which you are encouraged to review.

  1. Download the file for this class to your lab4 folder:
    ArrayBag.java

    Open your lab4 folder as needed, and click on the name of the file in the Explorer Pane to open an editor window for it.

  2. What are the fields of the ArrayBag class, and why did we include them in our definition?

  3. Note that there isn’t a getItem() method for accessing a specific item in the bag. Instead, there is a method called grab() which accesses a random item in the bag. Why does this make sense, given the characteristics of a bag?

  4. In lecture, we looked at the add() method, which adds a single item to the ArrayBag. Let’s draw a memory diagram (stack and heap) of an ArrayBag object called b as the add() method is called on it for the first time. Show the addition of the string "don't blink"

  5. Write a simple main() method in which you do the following:

    • Complete the following statement to create an ArrayBag object with the default maximum size:

      ArrayBag b = ...

    • Add "don't blink" to that ArrayBag.

    • Add "baggy" to that ArrayBag.

  6. After performing these operations, output what your ArrayBag looks like:

    System.out.println(b)

    You should expect to see the following:

    {don't blink, baggy}

    Note that the toString() method of the ArrayBag class is being invoked. This method produces and returns the string representation of all the items in the bag referenced by b.

  7. Let’s say that we now want to “grab” one of the items that we just added to b. What happens when you do the following?

    String s = b.grab();

    Why does what you see make sense in light of the rules of polymorphism?

  8. We can make this work by using an operation known as a type cast:

    String s = (String)b.grab();

    This doesn’t actually change the type of the underlying object. It just reassures the compiler that the assignment will be valid. If the item being returned were not a String object, an exception would be thrown.

  9. Add a non-static method called hasMoreRoom() that takes as a parameter another ArrayBag called other, and that returns true if the called ArrayBag has more room left for items (i.e., more unused array elements) than other does, and false otherwise.

    If other is null, the method should throw an IllegalArgumentException.

    For example:

    ArrayBag b1 = new ArrayBag(10);
ArrayBag b2 = new ArrayBag(12);
System.out.println(b2.hasMoreRoom(b1));

    should output:

    true

    and

    b2.add("hello");
b2.add("world");
System.out.println(b2.hasMoreRoom(b1));

    should output:

    false

    Hint: Because this method is part of the ArrayBag class, it can directly access the private fields of the ArrayBag that is passed in as a parameter.

Extra Practice!

If you get through the exercises above, congratulations!

For extra practice, try some Practice-It exercises.